In the world of finance and investing, theories are often one of the most widely debated topics. Among a number of such theories, the concept or the theory of Option Pain, also known as Max Pain or Max option pain is well discussed and debated.

In fact, the Max Pain theory is one of the most controversial of theories as it has a large number of supports as well as opponents. While there has been no conclusive evidence, the fact that the debate continues to rage on is indicative of the popularity of the Max pain theory and shows that the debate is unlikely to die out anytime soon.

One of the reasons for the Max pain theory or the Option Pain theory is so fiercely debated is the fact that while the theory exists, there are some improvisations or customizations that could be made, based on the investor’s risk appetite; this variable brings about even more arguments to the table.

So what is the options pain or the max pain theory and what does it infer? As you might have already guessed, the max pain or option pain theory is applicable to the options trading market. In this article you will learn more about the max pain theory and why it is so controversial.

What is the Max Pain or Option Pain Theory?

The concept of option pain or max pain is applicable to the options market and the theory dates back to 2004. The theory is still relatively young as a matter of fact and interestingly there are not many academic or scholarly papers written about this theory.

The absence of the max pain theory among the academic circles is often used as one of the big reasons for opponents to this theory who dismiss its merits.

So what is the Max pain or the max option pain theory all about?

In layman terms, Max option pain theory states that “90% of all the options that are bought and held to expiration will expire worthless.”

Based on the above statement, it is often assumed that the option writers or the sellers as a result tend to end up making more than the buyers, frequently and consistently. The rather simple statement is interestingly the reason behind the debate and more importantly with no conclusive evidence supporting for or against the statement.

To best understand the Max option pain theory, let’s first assume a few simple observations from the above mentioned statement.

• At point in time, there is only one party (buyer or the seller of the option) who can make money. Thus, both buyers and sellers cannot make money at the same time. Applying the Max pain theory, we can also observe that only the option sellers stand a chance to make money than the buyers.
• If option sellers end up making most of the money frequently and consistently, then it infers that the price of the option on the day of its expiry will be driven to a point where it will cause the least amount of loss to the option writers or the sellers
• Assuming that the above point is true, then there is a subtle suggestion that option prices can be manipulated, if not all the time, then at the very least, on the expiration day/date
• If the third point is true, then it also means that there are traders who are able to make this manipulation happen in the options prices, on the day of expiry
• If option sellers or the writers are the ones who make money consistently, then the finger of blame on the so called “manipulation of the options prices” on the day of expiry clearly points to the option sellers or writers

Thus, from the above points we can come to the conclusion that between the option sellers and the buyers, there has to be a price point or a level where, if the options expire it would cause the least amount of pain to the option writers while causing the maximum amount of pain to the buyers who hold the option to maturity.

Therefore if that single price point or level can be identified then we can assume that it is the price at which the options will expire.

This price level is what the max option pain theory is all about. Identifying the price level at which the options are most likely to expire so that they cause the least amount of pain to the sellers and the maximum amount of pain to the option buyers.

The option pain theory is also sometimes referred to as a proxy for the stock price manipulation targeted by the option sellers, despite the fact that there isn’t much information to prove this claim.

How to calculate the Max pain?

So far we learned what the max option pain theory is all about. Now, let’s see how to calculate the max pain theory. The next section below gives a step by step guide on how to calculate the max option pain theory. It might seem a bit confusing at first, but the concept is very simple.

Five steps to calculating the max pain

1. Make a list of the various strike prices on the exchange including other details such as the open interest of both the call and the put options for these strikes
2. For every strike price, initially assume that the market will expire at the strike price
3. If point 2 is true, then based on the assumption calculate how much money is lost by the option writers (sellers) of both the call and put options
4. Add all the money that would have been lost based on the assumption made in point 2 (sum of option writers of both call and put options)
5. Make a note of the strike price at which the money lost by option writers is the least

The resulting price or level where the option writers lose the least amount of money is the point at which the option buyers will experience the maximum amount of pain. Therefore, we can conclude that the price level that is identified is where the prices will most likely expire.

As you can see above, the procedure is very simple. The best way to understand the above is illustrate it with an example.

To make it simple, let’s look at the following example for Apple Inc. options.

The above table lists the strike price, the call option and put option open interest for each of the three strike prices.

To clarify an option writer is the one who sells the option. Thus, if you write a call option, you as a writer will stand to make money if the market moves below the strike price. Likewise, you will lose money if the market moves above the strike price.

As a put option writer, you will stand to make money when the market moves above the strike price, and you will lose money when the market moves below the strike price.

We have three scenarios here based on the above example.

Assuming that the market expires at 135

If the market expires at 135, the call option writers will not lose money. Thus, the call option writers for 140 and 145 including 135 will be able to retain their premiums. It is now obvious that the losers here will be the put option writers (put option writers lose money when the market moves below the strike price).

• Put option writers at 145 will lose 10 points. When converted to dollar value, we can multiple the points by the open interest. 10 x 12806 = $128,060
• Put option writers at 140 will lose only 5 points. With open interest at 65660, in terms of dollar value, this translates to $328,300.
• Finally, the Put option writers at 135 will not lose any money

Thus, the total combined money lost by the (put) option writers if the market expires at 135 will be a sum of total money lost by call and put option writers.

Total money lost by Call Option writers + Total money lost by Put Option writers. This translates to $128,060 + $328,300 = $456,360

Assuming that the market expires at 140

Repeating the above analysis, but at 140, we can now assume that the call option writers at 135 will lose money, by 5 points. Multiplying the OI at 135 by the 5 points equals (5 x 50391 = $251,955)

In this second example, note that the Call option writers at 145 and 140 do not lose money.

The put options writers at 135 and 140 also do not lose money, but the put options writer at 145 loses money. This is about 5 points, thus calculating with the open interest for 145 Put option, we get (5 x 12806 = $64,030)

Therefore, the combined loss for the option writers if the market expires at 140 is ($251,955 + $ 64,030) $315,985.

Assuming that the market expires at 145

If the market expires at 145, then the call option writers at 135 would lose money. For the 10 points, the dollar value would be (10 x 48445) $484,450

The call option writers at 140 would also lose money. For the 5 points, the total loss in dollar value would be (5 x 84461) = $422,305

The call option writers at 145 will retain their premiums.

Because the market expires at 145, all the put option writers also retain the premiums.

Thus, the total loss at 145 would be $484,450 + $422,305 = $906,755

So far, we calculated the total loss at each of the three expiration prices.

Having identified the loss for the option writers (call and put) at the three levels, we can now determine the price level at which the market will most likely expire. As the option pain theory suggests that the market will expire at a price point where there is least amount of pain for the option sellers, we can assume that this happens to be $380,015.00, or the strike price of $140.00

The above example makes use of just three strike prices, but the same procedure can be applied which can of course become tedious and confusing at times.

The above example shows the most likely strike price where the options will expire for the April 21 option expiry, which in this example indicates to be $140.

To summarize on how to calculate the option pain price, simply make a list of all the available strikes and compute the dollar value for the call and put option writers at those levels. This results in the total value which is calculated. After identifying the total value, determine the least amount of money that the option writers can lose.

When represented as a bar chart, the curve represents an inverted bell curve. The price level can be established which will be the least point of pain for the option sellers or the maximum option pain for the holders of the options contracts.

Having established the fact that the max pain theory can now point to the potential price at which the market will most likely expire, the next question is how to put this information to use.

How does max pain factor into day trading?

Generally, after identifying the max pain, traders make use of the price level to write their options. For example, writing a call option above or a put option below the max pain level is one way to look at it.

When applying the theory of max option pain, the general consensus is that the option writers will drive the price of the shares up or down to the price level of the max pain option.

Thus, for day traders there is a possibility that prices will rise or decline to the max option pain price level. This can occur especially during the days when the options are expiring. In the examples used in this article, the options contracts selected was for expiry at 140, for the expiry date of April 21^st.

Thus, if the max option pain theory is to be believed, one can potentially predict the price on the day the options will expire, based on the max option pain theory.

Therefore, to conclude, the option pain theory is said to be a transfer of wealth from the buyers of the option to the sellers or the writers of the option. In a way, the option pain theory suggests that it is a zero-sum game.

On the day of the options expiry, the underlying stock price moves to point which brings the maximum loss to the buyers of the option and minimum loss to the seller of the option. The price at which the options expire which triggers this transfer of wealth is the option pain, a specific price which is calculated based on the outstanding options in the market.