What is a Futures Contract?

A futures contract is something that you might have heard of, either in the media or read about on a website or in the newspaper. Unlike stocks for example which represents equity in a company and can be held for long periods of time or can change hands numerous times, a futures contract has different characteristics, making it unique from other financial instruments.

A futures contract is a legal agreement where the buyer of the contract agrees to pay a predetermined price for delivery of the underlying commodity or asset at a predetermined date.

Think of futures contract as paying for something that will be delivered to you a month or a few months later.

A futures contract trades on a futures exchange, where the contracts can vary from assets such as a barrel of Crude oil to a bushel of grain to a pound of coffee, or any commodity or asset that has value.

The best way to illustrate a futures contract is by using this example.

Let’s say you run a café, and a little birdie told you about a new legislation doing rounds, which if passed could see new taxes imposed on coffee that could see prices rise by at least 5%.

To hedge yourself against this potential price increase, you can buy a futures contract for coffee at a price that is closer to the current price. So you enter an agreement with a seller who promises you to deliver 37,500 pounds of coffee, 90 days later for the current price. Unless you liquidate your futures contract, at the end of the term, the coffee is delivered to you, regardless of what the current price of coffee is.

If the rumors you heard were true and indeed the new taxes were imposed, then congratulations! You managed to hedge the risk of price increase by purchasing coffee via the futures contract.

This transaction is nothing but a futures contract at work at the most basic level. Other examples of a futures contract can be a mortgage with a fixed interest rate for a fixed period of time. Whether interest rates go up or down, you pay the same fixed interest rate for the tenure of your mortgage. It is essentially a form of a futures contract.

By now it should be clear what a futures contract is, and it should give the reader a fair idea of things work in the futures markets. But a bit of history on the futures markets to gain a better understanding.

Brief history of the futures markets

Chicago Board of Trade Building (Courtesy: https://www.flickr.com/photos/onasill/)

The futures markets started off as sellers and buyers of a commodity began to commit to future exchanges of the asset. The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) was established 1848 and is known to be one of the oldest futures exchange in the United States.

Some of the other major well known futures trading exchanges include:

• The Chicago mercantile exchange (CME)
• Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT)
• New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX)
• London Metal Exchange (LME)
• Intercontinental Exchange (ICE)
• Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX)

(Courtesy: https://www.flickr.com/photos/34177862@N04/)

The futures contracts were initially traded at the exchange in a pit. A pit or a trading floor was a designated area for each of the commodities available to trade at the futures trading exchange. Traders engage in trading by means of Open Outcry, shouting out their bids and offers. In more recent times, technology and computers have replaced most of the pits, with trades being now conducted electronically.

#1 – Characteristics of the futures markets that you should know

• A futures contract is neither a debt instrument (bonds, mortgages) nor an equity instrument (stocks). A futures contract is a derivate instrument, which is derived from the underlying asset
• Futures contracts are negotiated and traded at a futures exchange in a centralised environment (similar to a stock exchange)
• The futures exchange acts as an intermediary between the buyer and the seller and mitigates any risk of default from either party involved
• All participants at the futures exchange must set up initial collateral, known as margin (or Performance Bond), which is set at a percentage of the value of the futures contract. The margin requirements can change depending on the futures contract being traded and must be maintained by both the buyer and the seller for the lifespan of the futures contract
• When you buy a futures contract, you are said to be long on the market while the seller is said to be short on the market. You can long or short a futures contract
• Futures contact have a limited lifespan unlike stocks because every contract has an expiration date
• The margin or collateral required to trade futures is less (usually 3 – 15%) compared to the margin required to trade stocks for example
• There is no interest charged on the difference between the margin and the full value of the contract
• Futures contracts prices are settled daily, unlike a stock where the net gain or loss is realized only after the investor sells their shares.

Although a futures contract implies delivery of the underlying asset, the buyer and the seller can liquidate their contract at any point without actual delivery and can act independently of each other.

#2 – Types of futures contracts that are available to trade

It is often said that anything of value can be found being traded in the futures markets. However, there are some standard conditions that must be met for a commodity or an asset to be able to trade as futures contracts.

They are:

• A cash commodity must be standardised while an agricultural or an industrial commodity must be in its basic raw and unprocessed state (This is why you have wheat futures and not flour futures)
• Perishable commodities must have an adequate shelf life
• Cash commodity price must have both risk and profit potential

The most commonly available assets under futures are grouped as Major Commodities which are comprised of the following:

• Currencies: US Dollar Index, British Pound, Euro FX, etc.
• Energies: Crude Oil, Gasoline RBOB, Natural Gas, Brent Oil, etc.
• Financials: T-Bond, 10-Year T-Note, Eurodollar, 30-day Fed funds, etc.
• Grains: Wheat, Corn, Oats, Soybeans, etc.
• Indices: S&P500 E-Mini, Nasdaq 100 E-Mini, Dow Industrials E-Mini, etc.
• Meats: Live Cattle, Feeder Cattle, Lean Hogs, etc.
• Metals: Gold, Silver, High Grade Copper, Palladium
• Softs: Cotton, Coffee, Cocoa, Sugar, etc.

The picture below shows a snapshot of the major commodities in the futures market.

The table below gives a list of symbols for each of the major commodities.

Currencies	Australian Dollar	British Pound	Canadian Dollar	US Dollar	Euro	Japanese Yen	Swiss Franc	New Zealand Dollar	Mexican Peso
	A6	B6	C6	DX	E6	J6	S6	N6	M6
Financials	30 Year T-Bond	Ultra T-Bond	10-Year T-Note	5-Year T-Note	2-Year T-Note	30 Day Fed Funds	Eurodollar
	ZB	UD	ZN	ZF	ZT	ZQ	GE
Grains	Wheat	Corn	Soybeans	Soybean Meal	Soybean Oil	Oats	Rough Rice	KCBT Wheat	Spring Wheat
	ZW	ZC	ZS	ZM	ZL	ZO	ZR	KE	MW
Indices	E-Mini S&P500	E-Mini Nasdaq 100	E-Mini Dow Industrials	Russell 2000 Mini	E-Mini S&P Midcap	S&P500 index
	ES	NQ	YM	RJ	EW	SP
Meats	Live Cattle	Lean Hogs	Feeder Cattle	Class III Milk
	LE	HE	GF	DL
Metals	Gold	Silver	High Grade Copper	Platinum	Palladium
	GC	SI	HG	PL	PA
Softs	Cotton #2	Orange Juice	Sugar #11	Coffee	Cocoa	Lumber
	CT	OJ	SB	KC	CC	LS
Energies	Crude Oil WTI	Heating Oil	Gasoline RBOB	Natural Gas	Ethanol	Crude Oil Brent
	CL	HO	RB	NG	ZK	QA

Note that the symbols (and price) may change depending on the exchange where they are traded. For example NYMEX Crude Oil (WTI) has the symbol CL, whereas ICE Futures Crude Oil has the symbol WI. Therefore in most cases, when a futures commodity contract is referenced, the exchange name is also mentioned, such as NYMEX Crude Oil, or COMEX Gold.

#3 – Futures Contract Terminology: Contract expiry months

Every futures contract has a physical delivery or an expiry month, also known as a contract month. This is the month where the seller must deliver the commodity if the buyer still holds the contract. The expiry month or delivery month is the final mark-to-market or fair value accounting. This is where the asset or commodity value is determined according to the market price and arrives at a profit or loss for the two parties involved in the futures transaction.

The exact date for the delivery can vary from one exchange to another as well as the contract and the commodity itself. Based on the commodity that you are trading, you can find out about the First Trade and Last Trade date.

Depending on the commodity or asset, the expiry month can vary. For example, Crude oil futures contracts expire monthly, whereas Financials futures contracts expire quarterly. No matter when the contracts expire, every month is denoted by a letter as shown in the table below.

Expiry Month	Code	Expiry Month	Code
January	F	July	N
February	G	August	Q
March	H	September	U
April	J	October	V
May	K	November	X
June	M	December	Z

A futures contract follows a distinctive terminology, unlike a stock which has the same ticker symbol.

The futures contract terminology has the following format: Commodity Symbol-Expiry Month-Year

Therefore a Light Crude Oil December 2016 futures contract has the symbol: CLZ6

CL = Crude Oil (Light sweet)

Z = December

6 = 2016

Every futures contract has its own pricing structure, meaning that buying one contract of crude oil is not the same as buying one contract of wheat futures. The margin requirements also vary depending on the contract that you are trading.

#4 – Participants in a futures market: Who trades futures?

Participants of the futures markets are categorized into two main groups:

Hedgers: The hedgers use futures contracts for protection against adverse price movements in the underlying commodity. Hedgers are made up of businesses or individuals who deal with the underlying commodity at some point. This could be a flour manufacturing business that deals in sourcing wheat as the raw material, or it could be a wheat farmer.

Speculators: The speculators are the second major group and are comprised of traders and investors. Speculators do not have any actual involvement in the underlying commodity and are there simply to take advantage of the price discrepancy.

Futures Contract – In Conclusion

The futures markets, as we have learned above offers some distinctive characteristics that are usually not found in other markets. Prices are driven by supply and demand and a futures trader needs to always remain in the know about potential developments. To successfully trade futures, you need to have a good understanding of the commodity that you are trading. The futures markets offer the advantage of both leverage and lower margin requirements, making it affordable for most traders.